YSDQ 12V 24V Car Battery Chargers, Portable Trickle Chargers Battery Desulfator Full Automatic Smart Battery Chargers Maintainer, for Car Motorcycle, Lithium, Lead-Acid Boat £37. 01 ohms. This unit is ideal for virtually any kind of high-voltage vehicle or equipment that is charged on a regular basis, including over-the. The graphic below (extracted from Interstate Batteries) shows lead-acid lifetime battery as a function of environment temperature (well, it is for car batteries, but the technology is very similar): Make it work. It will also maximise the cycle life of new or good batteries. For all large lead acid batteries/packs from 12 to 120 volts up to 3,000 Ah. Free shipping. 99. by adding distilled water to a flooded battery) Most battery companies recommend an equalization charge either at regular intervals or when there are changes to the specific gravity of the. Third is a 100 microsecond pulse that shorts the battery (180 amps?) to remove dendrites. $31. WHAT IS A BATTERY DESULFATOR. Using our patented Pulse Technology, it gently desulfates batteries and breaks down sulfation crystals back into the battery’s solution. NOTIFICATIONS. $18. Upgrade deals iMars 12/24V 8A/4A Touch Screen Pulse Repair LCD Battery Charger For Car Motorcycle Lead Acid Battery Agm Gel Wet 1679 reviews COD. Hello, I have built classic desulfator 12v circuit with external power source and have very old 12v car acid battery with easy each cell access (see picture) for testing and recovery. 12 Volt Lead Acid Battery Desulfator - New: Power Electronics: 7: Jan 1, 2016: J: 12 Volt Lead Acid Battery Desulfator: Power Electronics: 19: Sep 9, 2014: Similar threads; 555 timer used with regular lighting on a 12 volt 1 amp circuit. Registered User. XTREME CHARGE XC100-P Desulfator & Charger. Lead Acid Battery Desulfation > All > Pulse Charging and Desulfation > Direct Drive Desulfator Design . Odyssey, Polaris, Yuasa & Other High Performance Specialty 12 Volt Sealed AGM Lead-Acid Batteries . A lead-acid (SLI) battery desulfator which is powered by the batteries wh it is conditioning when a motor associated with the batteries is off. I purchased a second one the other day as I desparately needed another inexpensive charger and funds are limited. 85 $ 25 . This lead sulfate creates a finely divided amorphous state and easily changed to lead, lead dioxide, and sulfuric acid during recharging. 50 KHz How to Use 1. And, storing a lead battery without even charging it can cause sulfation and create the need for battery desulfation. 047 F 100 F, 16 V 10 F, 35 V 100 F, 35 V 470 k 22 k 330 330 1 k 220 H (nominal) 1000 H 330 H Case Clip leads Board material. Also a. The chemicals in Battery De-Sulfater are safe for all new and used lead acid batteries. It put off so. The automotive batteries become obsolete after three to five years of use. The desulphator theory is that a very high current pulse will cause instantaneous heating in high resistance areas of the battery and the resulting expansion will cause them to physically "fall off". The lid hole will allow you to observe the LED, while the desulfator is used. 3. These lead acid battery desulfators utilize frequency based pulsing to rejuvenate and restore old tired batteries and as preventative measures. ---400Ah Battery Desulfator Maintainer to Revive and Regenerate Lead Acid Battery ---Adopt New Advanced Technology: dissolving sulfates without damaging the battery plates;Auto-setting for 12-48V, Peak Amp: 4Amax ---Just connect it to the battery to maintain your batteries automatically, extend battery lifeThe PulseTech PP24l (735x024) is designed Especially For Frequently-Charged 24-Volt Battery Systems. PowerPulse 735X012. line current is converted to approximately 40 volts D. This item SUHU 4 Amp Battery Charger 12 Volt, 6V/12V Car Battery Maintainer Trickle Charger and Battery Desulfator with Temperature Compensation for Lead-Acid (AGM/EFB) and Deep Cycle Batteries GOOLOO S4 4 Amp Car Battery Charger Automotive, 6V/2A 12V/4A Smart Trickle Charger Maintainer with Supply Mode,. Here is the 12 volt desulfator that I have built using the circuit schematic below. For a standard lead-acid battery, it will typically take between 24 and 48 hours for the desulfator to start working. Sulfation was the predominant aging mechanism in the weakest cell but water loss reduced the capacity of. There are a few different ways to desulfate a lead acid battery. I am thinking of adding a frequency sweeper to the circuit so that it can scan, detect and lock-in to the resonant frequency automatically. 99 $ 17. I tried to repair them with an auto battery desulfator. Some even suggest draining the old acid and refilling with Epsom salt in distilled water solution. The traditional desulfators that use low-frequency range and outdated technology can cause internal damages to the battery. See full list on autoquarterly. Let’s explore some of these effective techniques: 1. Connect the red wire to the positive pole of the battery and the black wire to the negative pole of the battery You can connect to the battery whether the battery is charged or not Feature: INPUT VOLTAGE 12Vdc Peak voltage 20V (pk-pk) Rated current 35mA Power consumption: 0. Actually you may find it shocking that lead-acid batteries dislike the pulse charging technique, given that many car alternators enforce a half-wave charging cycle with extensively fluctuating frequency over a large to substantial load current. 1. $ 30683. All of the items below are lead acid battery desulfator units designed to work with both flooded and AGM batteries - please note that these units are NOT for use on lithium batteries. Rejuvenation can last for years, but is not infinitely repeatable. net, lead acid battery desulfator (Home Power #77 June/July 2000)] This page was last edited on 20 November 2023, at 03:34 (UTC). Mark. Diagnoses battery’s condition / state-of-charge. Return this item for free. It is not undercharged. $129. Re: lead acid batteries , desulfation circuits. Most battery desulfators on the market today are simple devices that attach to the battery terminals and send a pulse of current through the battery. Preserves new batteries. According to Pulse Tech, the idea was initially stumbled upon by accident when inventor Wilford Burkett found that for some reason. If a standard wet lead-acid cell has a high differential of specific gravity between cells, applying an equalization charge may damage the "good" cells due to the high temperatures generated. However, Battery Sulfation can be reversed. ”This item: Shell SBC400 4 Amp 6V and 12V Fully Automatic Smart Charger and Maintainer, trickle Charger, Battery Desulfator, for Lead Acid, Gel, AGM, Li-on, 7 Levels of Protection and 11-Stage Charging . The above translation of the original Dutch "Lead-Acid Battery Revitaliser" article published in Elektor Electronics September 2001 is not authorized. It desulfates lead acid batteries as well. For more detailed information, please check out this report:working with hundreds of batteries, usi. Post Apr 08, 2014 #563 2014-04. Refilling lead acid battery cells with distilled water . Rating: 100 % of 100. I preyed open the cove sense it was sealed and. For lead-acid batteries, the typical double-layer capacity of the positive electrode lies in the range of 7–70 F(Ah) −1, while the negative electrode has a typical double-layer capacity of 0. 8V dropped to a few microAmps, even though the charger. 0 out of 5 stars 542. What Is Battery Desulfator. Typical: $27. $22. Buy It Now. 4. 2KHz and 6% duty cycle. Re: Desulfate & regenerate lead acid batts: a new DIY guide. Sulfation is the most common cause of battery death but a conditioner charger (desulfator charger) or desulfator are highly effective at removing it. A lead-acid battery should only get warm at really high charge rates though. charging current and has a small capcity Ah). E-power store. $12. . Obviously, this is a slight of hand that causes a lot of issues for those looking for a true desulfator. As is visible in the circuit diagram, the three controlled selections hook. Ed. This process can help to restore the battery to its full capacity. But this is probably over powered as the power consumed is not more than 1. The GENIUS2 is a 6-volt and 12-volt battery charger, battery maintainer, and battery desulfator rated at 2-amps for lead-acid automotive, marine, and deep-cycle batteries, including flooded, gel, AGM, and maintenance-free, plus lithium-ion batteries. Introducing the all-new GENIUS10, one of the most powerful, highest-performing, energy-efficient, and compact chargers yet. E-power store. For discussion lets assume a pulse rate of 1000 Hz and a pulse width of 50 microsecs. Sold by Tru Inertia and ships from Amazon Fulfillment. 23 C2 0. They fall into the liquid acid and settle on the bottom of the battery. The ERV model that we tested has a larger collector than the SP5 model and retails for $199. Carlo JD, Keane W (1997) Lead-acid battery desulfator. A place where builders and u. Identify the bad cells :-. This seems to be a circuit that has been widely used and with. 54A lead-acid (SLI) battery desulfator which is powered by the batteries wh it is conditioning when a motor associated with the batteries is off. Put your peak circuit across the resistor with the positive lead on the desulfator side of the resistor. Over time, sulfate deposits build up on the plates within a lead acid battery. Features: This is a fully automatic battery charger with 7 charge stages. Make A Choice Of Specification: No Mounting Hole,. Note: Do not expect to completely dissolve sulfate in a day. Most regular car batteries are lead acid, including flooded lead acid (the older kind with liquid acid solution), sealed gel cel, and sealed AGM (absorbed glass mat). 00005 duty factor (1000Hz at 50 nanosec. 30. Different aging mechanisms dominated the capacity loss in different cells within a dead 12 V VRLA battery. Steps to follow:-. NOCO GENIUS5, 5A Automatic Smart Charger, 6V and 12V Portable Automotive Car. Simply mix together 1 cup of water and 1/2 cup of Epsom salt, and then pour this mixture over the battery terminals. 10. . Battery Desulfator Errata In my battery desulfator article on page 84 of HP77, the value for C2 should have been 0. $162. Adding aspirin to the battery is another hack that is often seen in videos claiming to revive dead batteries. At first, the battery is deeply discharged and the electrolyte of battery is replaced with a new sulfuric acid solution of 1. 3 out of 5 stars 600 2 offers from $72. Marketed by Battery Solutions & Innovations, Inc. Discharge of the battery (allowing electrons. Charge battery to its maximum level. Enjoy precision. BACK TO PRODUCTS >>. Lead Acid Battery Desulfation > All > Pulse Charging and Desulfation > Simple Direct Drive Desulfator PCB thread . Over time, these crystals can harden and become irreversible, reducing the battery’s capacity and performance. BatteryMINDer. A voltage doubler desulfator would not work well for a single cell 500 AH battery. Designed especially for frequently-charged 12-Volt battery systems, the PowerPulse 12V Battery Maintenance System ensures maximum performance on both single 12-Volt lead-acid batteries as well as two or three 12-Volt batteries connected in parallel. $139. Battery desulfators operate with a frequency based pulse method that's literally the most effective method available for ensuring lead-acid battery performance, increasing battery efficiency and reducing battery-related costs. The cells will absorb water slowly as you work. Get it as soon as Thursday, Nov 9. Apple Valley, California. Re: Lead Acid Battery Desulfators 01/04/2015 10:08 PM I've also played around with trying to desulfate batteries and I would say that maybe 1 in 10 can be reasonably rejuvenated. This crystal growth. Highlights Real-time aging diagnostic tools were developed for lead-acid batteries using cell voltage and pressure sensing. 75-Amp Car Battery Charger, 6V and 12V Smart Fully Automatic Battery Charger Maintainer, Trickle Charger, Battery Desulfator for Car, Lawn Mower, Motorcycle, Boat, Marine Lead Acid Batteries. This occurs when a current pulse flows through the buildup. 5 amps even if connected to a 7Ah battery. Lead oxide reacts with the sulfur and oxygen in the acid to give up an electron, leaving the plate positively charged. 75-Amp Car Battery Charger, 6V and 12V Smart Fully Automatic Battery Charger Maintainer, Trickle Charger, Battery Desulfator for Car, Lawn Mower, Motorcycle, Boat, Marine Lead Acid Batteries 4. The most effective desulfators sweep a wide range. 4. You may trim the wire leads with wire cutters. or Best Offer. By Phillip Torrone. 4–1. There are patents on the use of high-frequency pulse desulfators to desulfate lead-acid batteries. Could somebody advise how to modify desulfator circuit to use it with external 12V DC power source and desulfating single 2v cells separately, to see how. 7 Top 12 Best battery Desulfator On the market Reviewd; 8 1. Using Epsom Salt (Magnesium Sulfate) to Desulfate a Lead Acid Battery that has a dead cell. 36 D1 GI826CT Fast recovery diode, >6 A, 100 V 0. After this process, the sulfur falls into the battery acid, where it dissolves. 01 (3 new offers)Best Budget battery desulfator Deals Online. The SP2 with the smallest collector carries a list price of $99. 95. $10. Make sure the Battery Extra low voltage switch is in the off position. 90% = 12. Some of what I have read is these commercial units can take up to 4-6 weeks to bring the battery back. The desulfator should be installed as close as possible to the battery terminals. It is levels above the common desulfators. A battery desulfator or reconditioner is an electronic device that cleans the internal battery plates to remove lead sulfate. Sponsored. On switched ranges less than 30 amps, the average charging power is even less. 77Lead Acid Battery Desulfation > All > NEWBIES START HERE > Thermistor schematic . Also, many products available in the market worldwide claim to use this techniqueIn the final analysis, you can think about battery desulfation simply as the process of renewing sulfated areas of a lead-acid battery. Charge battery to its maximum level. And here is the configuration: 1- A 1000VA transformer, 24V out. This powerful desulfator is designed to work with batteries and packs ranging from 12 to 72 volts, with a capacity of up to 600Ah. It would make a loud wine, and hooking it up to the battery would make a good spark. Simplest Charger/desulfator Ever: This charger can charge almost any battery type at any voltage. To reduce heatsinks and costly thyristors, an single-pole-four-way switch could be applied to select. Availability: BatteryMINDer® 12106 is a 2 stage Charger-Maintainer-Desufator that extends performance and life of 6 Volt lead acid batteries including flooded (filler cap, maintenance-free, valve regulated lead-acid [VRLA], sealed lead-acid [SLA]), starter, deep cycle and hybrid. 2 volts it produced 30 amp pulses into about . Charge or repair all 6V and 12V lead-acid automotive, marine, and deep-cycle batteries, including Pb, GEL, SLA, VRLA, and AGM lead-acid batteries. Get the best deals for battery desulfator 12v at eBay. 1:22 . 5 volts per cell). Free returnsMaximize battery life and capacity, recovers weak batteries. 99. I have NEVER seen true distilled water used in the recharging of a large. Jul 3, 2021. 4. Newbie9. Now, attach the desulfator to the power supply, or use the charger to start charging as well as the desulfation process. 42. using a traditional transformer. 0A, connect across battery. 9 out of 5 stars 215. WITH A 100% 90 DAY MONEY BACK. hi mark, i put the pcb in i dont think it came out clear by the looks of it any way i gave the wrong specs on the last post R1 & R2 are correct, the coils are from digikey 1000uh 300mohm 2. IRF9Z34 LM555CN 79L12 GI826CT 30 F, 16 V 0. Automatically detects sulfation and acid stratification. deep cycle battery resists discharge. Then the circuit will generate. $22. TecMate TM-341DUAL OptiMate. 3 out of 5 stars 157 $219. Beleeb C40 Adjustable Battery Charger 12V 24V 36V 48V 60V 72V, Pulses of High-Voltage Battery Desulfator Maintainer with Smart Chip for Lead-Acid LiFePO4 Lithium Batteries 4. 2V battery voltage. hi all, i build this desulfator and charger as u will see in the attachment if it comes out. During discharge, both plates convert to lead sulfate (PbSOWhen this vibrational state is occurring, there are uncountable Lead-Acid Battery Desulfator Parts List collisions between the ions in the electrolyte and the battery plates, Item Component Description Cost (US$) as the back and forth vibration Q1 IRF9Z34 P channel MOSFET 1. The lead reacts with the sulfuric acid inside the electrolyte to form lead sulfate. But the Battery Life Saver that I recommend is a really sturdy unit that goes for $100+. After five hours the battery voltage was again down to 4. One of the major disadvantages of lead-acid batteries is sulfation, which decreases batteries' efficiency. Examine the cells. Battery Additive 16 Oz. A tutorial on lead acid battery desulfation methods. 1 volts per cell. 9 is a standart one given in many chargers. , the Battery Life Saver is designed to restore and rejuvenate old batteries sufferring from the harmful effects of sulfation. . Jul 27, 2017. Charge your batteries beforehand for at least 12 hours. lead acid battery desulfator" 44 Results; Price - OK. Notes --- This product. It was designed to use capacitors as the energy storage devices. 1. Battery Power Type: Sealed Lead Acid: Battery Size: 12-volt: Cell Type: Specialty: Discharge Cycle: Deep Cycle: Features: No-Leak Guarantee, Rechargeable: Number in Package: 1: Returnable: 90-Day: Safety & Security Product Type: Battery: SLA Type:. . In this article, you’ll learn the most common. 5% coupon applied at checkout Save 5% with coupon. BATTERY CHEM™ TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT In addition to supplying the sulfation removal chemical, Battery Chem™ carries the tools needed to test and recondition automotive batteries. So you can leave the charger connected to the battery indefinitely. Actually, you would need either an H-bridge or a center-tapped primary of a toroidal transformer that could operate with decent Q in that frequency range. 2KHz and 6% duty cycle. 022 µF Disk ceramic 0. Let’s explore some of these effective techniques: 1. 99 Get it as soon as Thursday, Nov 30Based on dozens of customer reviews and ratings, the followings are the top 10 best-selling Battery Desulfators: #. If improvement is seen, continue until battery voltage reaches full capacity level or no further increase is seen. My Dynasty UPS12-310 high output battery is spec'd at 0. Mosaic Here is a picture of a peak current sensor I used in a 48V desulfator. Another way to calculate peak current is: (Vpeak - Vbat) / battery. 50 KHz. Determine the internal resistance of the battery by measuring the terminal voltage with open circuit, V, and then the voltage drop across an accurately known resistive load R, voltage DV. Description. HOME PAGE. This will also permanently reduce the capacity of the battery, which was most likely already low. Taking the. 99 $ 105 . 2. This is the same structure as a capacitor so view a battery as 6 equal sized capacitors in series. Battery Charger, for EZGO TXT,Car,. Find amazing deals on lead acid battery desulfator, desulfate golf cart battery and desulfate battery with welder on Temu. Automatic Motorcycle Battery Charger for Truck Lawn Mower RV Boat Lead-Acid Battery. Hi Raymond, Apparently, the recondition mode on the charger did recover the batteries somewhat. Because I don't have a warm garage I may just have to wait until warm weather returns before I can fully do the circuit justice in testing it. Battery Charger,Battery Maintainer, Trickle Charger, and Battery Desulfator for Car,Boat,Motorcycle, Lawn Mower. Q1 U1 U2** D1 C1 C2 C3 C4* C5** C6** R1 R2 R3* R4 R5** L1* L2 L3** Component. A controlled-pressure charging. A desulfator or battery reconditioner is defined as a device that restores the capacity of a lead-acid battery. To start with, take a look at this short note on lead acid battery chemistry and the sulfation process. . I have put diodes across the battery that has dampened it so I am fairly sure that the it is coming from the. Add to Cart. When a lead acid battery discharges, acid is absorbed into the lead plates which is returned to the electrolyte through recharging. 00. This restores the battery’s capacity and prolongs its life. You can rejuvenate a worn out lead acid battery by removing sulfate build ups with multiple methods. 4amp - 220uh 96mohm 3. It is a suitable electronic circuit that is attached in parallel to the two electrodes of each battery to continuously generate a high-frequency pulse with different duty cycle lengths. In terms of what you hope to do, if manual monitoring of battery voltage and temps are ok with you (say every 15 to 30 mins) then the already published schematic & layout will work for you once you can provide the PSU and a pulse signal. These batteries have a built in battery management system (BMS) and are chemically different. It occurs when the battery is not fully charged, and lead sulfate crystals build up on the battery plates. Side note: I had one desulfator going with a 55V/49A MOSFET and the only thing that would get hot (140-150F) was the diode. 99 $. 01 ohms. A place where builders and u. It's 35% smaller and delivers 35% more power. If improvement is seen, continue until battery voltage reaches full capacity level or no further increase is seen. 5 v seems very small for a double desulfator, so I think I've done something wrong. occurring, there are uncountable Lead-Acid Battery Desulfator Parts List. How long does it take Desulfate a battery?Lead Acid Battery Health Tester: Power Electronics: 5: Jul 27, 2022: Metering Lead Acid Battery Voltage: Power Electronics: 6: May 23, 2022: Is this lead acid battery bad? Or am I bringing it back to life? General Electronics Chat: 12: Dec 1, 2021: Converting a TIG Welder into a Lead Acid Battery Array Charging System (100 A+). - The 40volts DC from above is feed to a capacitor bank through a. To keep lead acid in good condition, apply a fully saturated charge lasting 14 to 16 hours. design. Most battery chargers tend to be too complicated or expensive, but this is the exact opposite. 95. Buy 4A Lead Acid Battery Desulfator Battery Regenerator Auto Pulse Desulfator (Blue): Batteries - Amazon. Email Address. US $13. PIC12F629 Lead-Acid Battery Desulfator By michaelsanjay in Circuits Electronics 49,185 52 26 Download Hi everyone, After reading so many articles on Battery desulfator i've decided to come out with my version of Battery desulfator using Microchip base micro. Whereas normal battery acid freezes at well below freezing point of water, the water which results from a discharged battery freezes at temperatures below 32°F / 0°C and expands, resulting in. It is my opinion that the possibility that all or most of the sulfur crystals formed on the plates of a lead acid battery are the same size (or resonance) is very low. Lead Acid Battery Scrap is the most commonly found Lead scrap. )the float at 13. While this does work, the inductor can only hold so much energy each pulse. An empirical investigation of lead-acid battery desulfation using a high-frequency pulse desulfator January 2021 Journal of Advances in Science and Engineering 4(1):44-52 The major cause of deterioration in lead-acid batteries is sulfation. 20 Amp Lithium Battery Charger, 12V and 24V Lifepo4, Lead-Acid (AGM/Gel/SLA) Battery Charger, Battery Maintainer Pulse Repair Charger Trickle Charger Battery Desulfator for Boat, Motorcycle, Golf cart . 9 by 6 ( there are 6 cells in a 12 volt battery and cell voltage is minimum 2. Use plastic funnels to pour Epsom salt into each battery cell until the cells are filled with salt. 5 volts. A desulfator or battery reconditioner is defined as a device that restores the capacity of a lead-acid battery. Allow battery to remain for a minimum of 72 hours before retesting. SP-3 3 Watt Panel. November 5th, 2008. 6V 12V Car Battery Charger Lead Acid Battery Charger for All AGM,Gel,VRLA Batteries with Safety Approval CE CUL (12V) 3. 4. 5 is way too high for a desulfator. $69. Buy NOCO Genius GENPRO10X4, 4-Bank, 40A (10A/Bank) Smart Marine Battery Charger, 12V Waterproof Onboard Boat Charger, Battery Maintainer and Desulfator for AGM, Lithium (LiFePO4) and Deep-Cycle Batteries:. 147 D Woodbury Rd. The Battery Life Saver electronic desulfator dissolves the lead sulfate crystals. Remove the covers from the cells. 000007 X 1700 = . You should also ensure: It is not deprived of full charges. NOTIFICATIONS. Charging a lead acid battery through PWM method is said to initiate desulfation, helping recover battery efficiency to some levels. . Supplying energy to an external load discharges the battery. Not only did the treated forklift batteries last longer than the non-treated ones but during this 13 and one half years the treated batteries only needed water every 3 months, never had any corrosion, never needed to be pressured washed or needed acid adjustments and never needed cables. Charge or repair all 12-volt and 24volt lead-acid automotive, marine and deep-cycle batteries including AGM, GEL, SLA, Flooded in cars, trucks, SUVs, motorcycles, lawn mowers, boats marine, etc. Free shipping. The lead–acid battery is a type of rechargeable battery first invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Plant. 6 Mhz , that's when the crystals break from the plates. The chemicals in Battery De-Sulfater are safe for all new and used lead acid batteries. Once the voltage reaches above 12 V, you can remove the charger and plug the desulfator to start desulfating operation. FREE Returns . Free returns. When a battery is discharged the electrolyte changes from a sulphuric acid state to lead sulfate and water. S. May 11, 2019. 99. FREE Shipping. GJ Staff. Intelligent Auto Pulse Battery Desulfator IP66 waterproof plastic box Auto Pulse Battery Desulfator ht. The. Fully automatic operation and very simple to set up. Over time, sulfate deposits build up on the plates within a lead acid battery. 8. 80% = 12. Measure battery terminal voltage 2 hours or more hence. 6 MHz is. 5V. 84 sold. Introducing the Battery Rejuvenator 12-72 600, the ultimate solution for maintaining and reviving lead-acid batteries. In either case, you can use an automatic desulfator or a suitable circuit that can rearrange. 4V, and Brief Description. DISCUSSIONS. When your car’s alternator recharges the battery the process works in reverse, and the lead sulfate is reconverted into lead and sulfuric acid through a process called gassing (in which.